Which law provides federal protections against employment discrimination?

The Civil Rights Act, particularly Title VII, is the foundational law that provides federal protections against employment discrimination. This legislation prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in various areas including hiring, firing, and promotion practices. It was a significant milestone in civil rights legislation and established the framework for addressing unequal treatment in the workforce, making it a crucial aspect of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) protections.

The other options, while relevant to different aspects of employment law, do not specifically focus on employment discrimination. The Fair Labor Standards Act primarily governs wage and hour laws, including minimum wage and overtime pay. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act specifically protects individuals aged 40 and older from employment discrimination based on age, but it does not have the broad application of the Civil Rights Act. The Occupational Safety and Health Act focuses on ensuring workplace safety and health standards rather than addressing discrimination in employment practices. Thus, the Civil Rights Act stands out as the law that provides comprehensive protections against discrimination in employment.